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“注水文凭”现象的经济学思考/杨涛

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-09 08:39:32  浏览:9277   来源:法律资料网
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“注水文凭”现象的经济学思考

杨 涛


一自考生冒充北大博士生,制造虚假简历蒙骗求职单位,被以涉嫌诈骗罪提起公诉。近日,河南省郑州市二七区人民法院正式受理了此案。据悉,因虚假简历涉嫌诈骗被提起公诉,在全国尚属首例。(《新京报》5月8日)
有许多评论者在对这一现象评论时认为,这反映了文凭决定论的弊端,用人单位以文凭决定用人与否,才经常招致骗子频频。是的,文凭不可能完全真实反映人的能力的大小,但是,正如和人们常常诟病的高考制度一样,尽管它们都存在种种弊端,但在社会生活中却仍然没有找到能取代它们的其他方法,换句话说,它们无法达到最优,但是迄今为止所能采取的次优选择。
因为,对于求职者和用人单位来说,都存在信息不对称的问题。对于用人单位来说,其判断求职者是否有能力和胜任工作,无法利用长时间的试用来进行判断:一则是交易费用太高,因为求职人员太多,无法提供如此之多职位试用,并且可能造成的工作效率损失太大;二则机会成本太高,因为万一被试用的人不胜任,而可能胜任的人又走了。因此,用人单位只能通过简单的面试和文凭来决定求职者的取舍,文凭从经济学意义上讲,是一种有效的求职者的能力信息传递符号,它证明了一个人有什么样的的学习履历和学习成绩,而经验证明有文凭的人比没有文凭的人在能胜任某种工作上,概率高得多,能大大地减少交易费用和节省机会成本。所以,文凭成为用人单位考察的最重要因素是有其深刻的社会原因。尽管诸如北大蔡元培先生多次破格招聘教授的事件也屡见不鲜,但那是在他对那些教授知根知底的情形下,也就是掌握信息充足下做出的决定,成本是很小的,对于整个社会招聘活动来说,无法适用。
但是,文凭毕竟只是求职者能力的一个信息传递符号,并不能等同于其能力本身。有文凭的人却能力差的人很多,同样,没有文凭的人但能胜任某项工作的人也很多。这就涉及两个问题,一是用人单位要如何排斥那些有文凭而低能者,二是如何公平对待那些无文凭者但有能力者,那位自考生也认为,虽然自己没有北大学籍,但自己的知识和水平已达到了北大博士水平,如果他说的话是实话,那么他们这一类人又凭什么不能被使用呢?
这就要求用人单位以及全社会都要有建立用文凭来进行评价求职者之外的其他例外的信息搜集制度:一是对于那些有文凭者,也要规定一定的试用期,以及在日后的工作考核不称职辞退制度,这实际上是在文凭作为评价求职者后的进一步的信息甄别制度,以进一步确定文凭与其能力能否对称;二是在文凭作为基本评价求职者的因素外,建立利用其他信息传递符号来考查求职者能力的制度,以对那些无文凭有能力者给予相对公平,如根据其以往的工作表现、论文的发表的情况、发明创造、其他人的评价等等信息来适当加以录用,这也能避免无文凭有能力者参与到造假文凭搞欺骗的道路。
不过,现在相对于无文凭有能力者参与到造假文凭,更多的是无文凭又无能力者拿假文凭而混进用人单位,这给文凭作为有效的能力信息传递符号带来扭曲。这里面浅层次的原因在于有效的识别文凭信息系统没有建立,这要求我们尽快建立全国的文凭相关信息查询系统,减少文凭作为能力信息传递符号的风险;深层次的原因在于用人单位特别是许多国有单位完全把文凭作为能力的符号当作能力本身,没有建立求职者进入单位后的进一步信息甄别制度,假文凭者混进入后,风险极小。
但是,即使是无文凭有能力者造假文凭搞欺骗混入单位,也是绝对不能容忍,正如那位自考生一样,尽管是否应当接受刑事处罚笔者存在疑义,但笔者认为应当及时清退,并应当给予相应的民事惩罚,即使他真得具备了北大博士水平。因为,这种行为给用人单位带来极大的道德风险,他能用这样的欺骗行为进入本单位,其他人也会用各种欺骗手段混进来;他能用这样的欺骗行为进入本单位,他也会在工作中用其他欺骗手段欺骗单位和他人。
个人博客:浩瀚法网 (http://tao1991.fyfz.cn

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国家高新技术产业开发区高新技术企业认定条件和办法(附英文)

国家科委


国家高新技术产业开发区高新技术企业认定条件和办法(附英文)

1991年3月6日,国家科委

第一条 为实施国务院批准的国家高新技术产业开发区有关政策规定,推动我国高新技术产业的发展,制定本办法。
第二条 国家高新技术产业开发区(以下简称开发区)内的高新技术企业,按照本办法认定。
第三条 省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市科学技术委员会(以下简称省、市科委)是省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市人民政府管理开发区内高新技术企业认定工作的主管机构,负责监督本办法的实施。开发区办公室在人民政府领导和省、市科委指导监督下,具体办理高新技术企业的审批认定事宜。
第四条 根据世界科学技术发展现状,划定高新技术范围如下:
(一)微电子科学和电子信息技术;
(二)空间科学和航空航天技术;
(三)光电子科学和光机电一体化技术;
(四)生命科学和生物工程技术;
(五)材料科学和新材料技术;
(六)能源科学和新能源、高效节能技术;
(七)生态科学和环境保护技术;
(八)地球科学和海洋工程技术;
(九)基本物质科学和辐射技术;
(十)医药科学和生物医学工程;
(十一)其他在传统产业基础上应用的新工艺、新技术。
本高新技术范围将根据国内外高新技术的不断发展而进行补充和修订,由国家科委发布。
第五条 高新技术企业是知识密集、技术密集的经济实体。开发区内的高新技术企业,必须具备下列各项条件:
(一)从事本办法第四条规定范围内一种或多种技术及其产品的研究、开发、生产和经营业务。单纯的商业经营除外;
(二)实行独立核算、自主经营、自负盈亏;
(三)企业的负责人是熟悉本企业产品研究、开发、生产和经营的科技人员,并且是本企业的专职人员;
(四)具有大专以上学历的科技人员占企业职工总数的30%以上;从事高新技术产品研究、开发的科技人员应占企业职工总数的10%以上。
从事高新技术产品生产或服务的劳动密集型高新技术企业,具有大专以上学历的科技人员占企业职工总数的20%以上;
(五)有十万元以上资金,并有与其业务规模相适应的经营场所和设施;
(六)用于高新技术及其产品研究、开发的经费应占本企业每年总收入的3%以上;
(七)高新技术企业的总收入,一般由技术性收入、高新技术产品产值、一般技术产品产值和技术性相关贸易组成。高新技术企业的技术性收入与高新技术产品产值的总和应占本企业当年总收入的50%以上。
技术性收入是指由高新技术企业进行的技术咨询、技术转让、技术入股、技术服务、技术培训、技术工程设计和承包、技术出口、引进技术消化吸收以及中试产品的收入;
(八)有明确的企业章程和严格的技术、财务管理制度;
(九)企业的经营期在十年以上。
第六条 兴办高新技术企业,须向开发区办公室提出申请,经开发区办公室核定后,由省、市科委批准并发给《高新技术企业证书》。
第七条 开发区办公室应定期按本办法第五条规定的条件,对高新技术企业进行考核。不符合上述条件的高新技术企业,不得享受国家高新技术产业开发区的各项政策规定。
第八条 列为高新技术产品的期限一般为五年以内,技术周期较长的高新技术产品经批准可延长至七年。
第九条 高新技术企业变更经营范围、合并、分立、转业、迁移或歇业的,须经开发区办公室审批,并向工商、税务等部门办理相应的登记。
第十条 开发区内,按国家规定全部核减行政事业费实行经济自立的全民所有制科研单位,符合本办法第五条规定条件的,经开发区办公室核定,可转成高新技术企业。
第十一条 本办法替代原由国家科委颁布的《关于高技术、新技术企业认定条件和标准的暂行规定》。
第十二条 各省、市科委应就本办法制定实施细则。原有实施细则凡与本办法不符的,应依据本办法修正。
第十三条 本办法由国家科学技术委员会负责解释和修改。
第十四条 本办法自国务院批准之日起实施。

Conditions and Measures on the Designation of High and New Techno-logy Enterprises in National High and New Technology Industry DevelopmentZones

(Approved by the State Council on March 6, 1991 Promulgated by theState Science Commission in March, 1991)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Measures are formulated to implement the relevant policy and
provisions on the national high and new technology industry development
zone approved by the high and new technology industry in our country.
Article 2
High and new technology enterprises in national high and new
technology industry development zones (hereinafter referred to as the
Development Zones) shall be identified and designated according to these
Measures.
Article 3
Science and technology commission in each province, autonomous
region, municipality, planned separate city (hereinafter referred to as
science and technology commission at provincial and city level) shall be
the authority in charge of the identification and designation of high and
new technology enterprises in the Development Zones administered by the
people's government of each province, autonomous region, municipality
planned separate city, and shall be responsible for the implementation of
these Measures. The Development Zone Office shall, under the leadership of
the people's government and the leadership and supervision of the science
commission at provincial and city level, specifically handle the
examination and approval of the identification and designation of the high
and new technology enterprises.
Article 4
According to the current development of science and technology in the
world, high and new technology is divided into following categories:
(1) microelectronics and electronic information technology;
(2) space science and aerospace and aeronautical technology;
(3) optoelectronics and optical, mechanical and electronic integra-
tion technology;
(4) life science and biological engineering technology;
(5) material science and new materials technology;
(6) energy science and new energy, high efficient energy conservation
technology;
(7) ecology and environmental science;
(8) earache science and ocean engineering;
(9) basic matter science and radiation science;
(10) medical science and bio-medical engineering;
(11) other new process or new technology applicable in the tradi-
tional industries.
The categories of high and new technology shall be supplemented and
amended from time to time according to the constant development inside and
outside China, and shall be published by the State Science Commission.
Article 5
High and new technology enterprises shall be knowledge-intensive and
technology-intensive economic enterprises. High and new technology
enterprises within the Development Zones must meet the following
conditions:
(1) they are engaging in the research, development, production and
sale of one or more high technologies within the scope of Article 4 and
their products. However, pure commercial distribution of such technologies
and their products are excepted;
(2) they are practicing independent accounting, autonomous operation
and bearing their own profit and loss;
(3) the persons in charge of the enterprises with the research,
development, production and sale of the products in their enterprises, and
shall be the full time personnel of the enterprises;
(4) scientist and technical personnel with college and university
education shall account or more than 30% of all the staffs of the
enterprises; scientists and technical personnel engaged in the research
and development of high and new technology products shall account or more
than 10% of all the staffs of the enterprises.
For those labor-intensive high and new technology enterprises
engaging in the production or service of high and new technology products,
scientists and technical personnel with college and university education
shall account or more than 20% of all the staffs of the enterprises;
(5) they have more than RMB 100000 yuan as their own funds, as well
as appropriates places of business and facilities corresponding to their
respective scale of business activities;
(6) more than 3% of the gross revenue of the enterprises shall have
been allotted as expenses of the research and development of high and new
technology products;
(7) the gross revenues of the high and new technology enterprises
shall be composed of technology income, value of the high and new
technology products, value of the ordinary technological products and
technology-related trade. The aggregate of technological income and value
of the high and new technology products shall account of more than 50% of
the annual gross revenue of the enterprises.
Technological income shall mean income derived from technical
consultancy, technology transfer, technology contributed as equity
investment, technical services, technical training, technical engineering
design and contracts, technology export, adoption and acquisition of
imported technology and trial productions;
(8) they have specific articles of association and strict technical
and financial administration system;
(9) their terms of operation shall be more than 10 years.
Article 6
An application for the establishment of high and new technology shall
be submitted to the Development Zone Office, after the Development Zone
Office has examined and determined, the application shall be approved and
a "Certificate of High and New Technology Enterprise" shall be granted by
the science and technology commission at provincial and city level.
Article 7
The Development Zone Office shall examine and verify the high and new
technology enterprises according to the conditions set forth in Article 5
on a regular basis. Those high and new technology enterprises that do not
meet the above conditions shall not be entitled to the policies and
provisions of the national high and new technology industry development
zone.
Article 8
The duration of those classified as high and new technology products
shall be within 5 years, and duration of those high and new technology
products that have a longer technological cycle shall upon approval be
extended to 7 years.
Article 9
High and new technology enterprises that alter their scope of
business, merge with or separate from other entities, charge their
production line, redomicile or wind-up shall apply to the Development Zone
Office for examination and approval, and shall undertake corresponding
industrial and commercial and tax registration.
Article 10
Science research institutes with the ownership of the whole people in
the Development Zones whose administrative and operational expenses have
been reduced pursuant to the stipulations of the State, that practice
independent accounting and that meet the conditions set forth in Article 5
may, upon verification by the Development Zone Office, be converted into
high and new technology enterprises.
Article 11
These Measures shall replace Interim Provisions on the Conditions and
Standards for the Designation of High and New Technology Enterprises
promulgated by the State Science and Technology Commission.
Article 12
Science and technology commissions in each province and city shall
adopt implementing rules based on these Measures. The existing
implementing rules that do not conform to these Measures shall be amended
in accordance with these Measures.
Article 13
The State Science Commission shall be responsible for the
interpretation and amendment to these Measures.
Article 14
These Measures shall be implemented from the date of approval by the
State Council.


关于印发《营口市经营组织经济实体法定代表人落实独生子女父母奖励费暂行规定》的通知

辽宁省营口市人民政府


关于印发《营口市经营组织经济实体法定代表人落实独生子女父母奖励费暂行规定》的通知

营口开发区管委会,营口高新区管委会,各市(县)、区人民政府,市政府各部门、各直属单位:
经市政府同意,现将《营口市经营组织经济实体法定代表人落实独生子女父母奖励费暂行规定》印发给你们,请认真按照执行。


二〇〇五年六月十七日

营口市经营组织经济实体法定代表人
落实独生子女父母奖励费暂行规定

一、为贯彻实施《中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法》、《辽宁省人口与计划生育条例》,落实独生子女父母奖励政策,根据省政府办公厅《关于实行法定代表人计划生育工作责任制的通知》(辽政办发[2000]94号)和辽宁省人口与计生委、辽宁省劳动和社会保障厅、辽宁省财政厅《关于落实城镇独生子女父母奖励费有关问题的通知》(辽人口发[2004]37号)精神,结合我市情况,制定本规定。
二、凡我市辖区内经工商行政管理部门审批,依法取得经营许可证的组织或经济实体的法定代表人均须遵守本规定。
三、依法取得《独生子女光荣证》且其独生子女未满14周岁的务工人员依照国家规定享受独生子女父母奖励费。其所在单位法定代表人须按月兑现独生子女父母奖励费5元;本单位务工人员的配偶无工作单位的,每月10元。
四、法定代表人兑现独生子女父母奖励费时,须在本单位务工人员的《独生子女父母奖励费发放手册》上填写对应的年、月及金额栏目并加盖法定代表人名章或签字。
五、法定代表人终止或解除务工者劳动关系时,法定代表人及被解除劳动关系的持证人,应自终止或解除劳动关系之日起7日内告知其户籍地社区计生部门。
六、法定代表人拒绝兑付独生子女父母奖励费,应享受独生子女父母奖励费的务工人员有权向市、市(县)区人口和计划生育部门投诉。
七、对不履行法定义务,拒绝兑付独生子女父母奖励费的法定代表人,由市、市(县)区人口和计划生育部门按照计划生育有关规定进行处罚。
八、因拒绝兑现奖励费用引起上访,影响社会稳定造成后果的,按有关规定追究其责任。
九、享受独生子女奖励费的务工人员,隐瞒就业情况或奖励兑现情况,涂改、伪造《独生子女父母奖励费发放手册》的,由有关部门按有关规定予以处罚。
十、本规定自下发之日起施行。
十一、本规定由市人口和计划生育委员会负责解释。




营口市人民政府办公室 2005年6月17日印发



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